Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) served as a test case for determining the role of extant vocabulary knowledge, endogenous attention, and phonological working memory abilities in cross-situational word learning. First-graders (Mage = 7 years; 3 months), 44 with typical development (TD) and 28 with DLD, completed a cross-situational word-learning task comprised six cycles, followed by retention tests and independent assessments of attention, memory, and vocabulary. Children with DLD scored lower than those with TD on all measures of learning and (...) retention, a performance gap that emerged in the first cycle of the cross-situational protocol and that we attribute to weaknesses in initial encoding. Over cycles, children with DLD learned words at a similar rate as their TD peers but they were less flexible in their strategy use, demonstrating a propose-but-verify approach but never a statistical aggregation approach. Also, they drew upon different mechanisms to support their learning. Attention played a greater role for the children with DLD, whereas extant vocabulary size played a greater role for the children with TD. Children navigate the problem space of cross-situational learning via varied routes. This conclusion is offered as motivation for theorists to capture all learners, not just the most typical ones. (shrink)

Cognitive Science, Volume 46, Issue 2, February 2022.

Culture, defined as shared behavior or information within a community acquired through some form of social learning from conspecifics, is now suggested to act as a second inheritance system. Cultural processes are important in a wide variety of vertebrate species. Birdsong provides a classic example of cultural processes: cultural transmission, where changes in a shared song are learned from surrounding conspecifics, and cultural evolution, where the patterns of songs change through time. This form of cultural transmission of information has features (...) that are different in speed and form from genetic transmission. More recently, culture, vocal traditions and an extreme form of song evolution has been documented in cetaceans. Humpback whale song ‘revolutions’, where the single population-wide shared song type is rapidly replaced by a new, novel song type introduced from a neighbouring population, represents an extraordinary example of ocean basin-wide cultural transmission rivalled in its geographic extent only by humans. In this review, we examine the cultural evolutions and revolutions present in some birdsong and whale song, respectively. By taking a comparative approach to these cultural processes, we review the existing evidence to understand the similarities and differences for their patterns of expression and the underlying drivers, including anthropogenic influences, which may shape them. Finally, we encourage future studies to explore the role of innovation vs. production errors in song evolution, the fitness information present in song, and how human-induced changes in population sizes, trajectories and migratory connections facilitating cultural transmission may be driving song revolutions. (shrink)

This manuscript reports on a landmark symposium on the ethical, legal and technical challenges of xenotransplantation in the UK. King’s College London, with endorsement from the British Transplantation Society (BTS), and the European Society of Organ Transplantation (ESOT), brought together a group of experts in xenotransplantation science, ethics and law to discuss the ethical, regulatory and technical challenges surrounding translating xenotransplantation into the clinical setting. The symposium was the first of its kind in the UK for 20 years. This paper (...) summarises the content of the expert lectures showcasing the progress which has been made in xenotransplantation including—the history of xenotransplantation, advances in gene edited animals and progress towards clinical xenotransplantation. We then set out the ethical and legal issues still to be resolved. Finally, we report the themes of the roundtable discussion highlighting areas of consensus and controversy. While the detail of the legal discussion was directed towards the UK, the principles and summary reported here are intended to be applicable to any jurisdiction seeking to implement clinical xenotransplantation. (shrink)

This article names some of the human under standings and ways of being that are fundamental to teaching and learning, which new educational tech nologies, especially the computer, tend to remake, reduce, or replace altogether in K-12 classrooms. The article asks questions and tells stories about students, teachers, and the authors themselves using computers for educational purposes, investigating three particular uses of technology in detail. The authors argue that new educational technologies change the meaning of words common to teachers' vocabularies, (...) especially words such as classroom community, knowing, and coming to know. The authors also argue that human senses used in learning are nullified, if not assaulted, by new educational technologies. (shrink)

There is increasing pressure on the humanities to justify their value and on criminology to undertake interdisciplinary research. In this book, Rafe McGregor establishes a new interdisciplinary methodology, ‘criminological criticism’, harnessing the synergy between literary studies and critical criminology to produce genuine interventions in social reality. -/- McGregor practices criminological criticism on George Miller’s ‘Mad Max: Fury Road’, Prime Video’s ‘Carnival Row’ and J.K. Rowling’s ‘The Cuckoo’s Calling’, demonstrating how these popular allegories provide insights into the harms of (...) sexism, racism and class prejudice. -/- This book proposes a model for collaboration between literary studies and critical criminology that is beneficial to the humanities, the social sciences and society. (shrink)

Die im 1./2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. von einem Anonymus verfaßte Vita Aesopi (= VA), eine „fiktionale Biographie mit Elementen des komisch-realistischen Romans“ (2), wurde zu Beginn der Neuzeit in aller Welt dadurch bekannt, daß sie in lateinischer und deutscher Übersetzung als einer von mehreren Texten in Heinrich Steinhöwels Esopus von 1476/77 erschien, einem „Bestseller“ der Frühdruckzeit. Aber das griechische Original des VA-Textes, der im 16. Jahrhundert z.B. den Autoren des Lazarillo de Tormes und des Till Eulenspiegel wichtige Anregungen gegeben haben (...) dürfte, entsprach in seinem Wortlaut nicht dem kaiserzeitlichen Text – dieser ist uns zwar nicht erhalten, aber die Version des Codex 397 in der New Yorker Pierpont Morgan Library (G) steht ihm wahrscheinlich sehr nahe –, sondern stellte eine Epitome der Urfassung dar, die recensio Westermanniana (= rec. W). Diese Version versuchte Ben Edwin Perry durch Kollation von 11 Handschriften zu rekonstruieren (Aesopica, Urbana, IL, 1952, 81-107), obwohl er bemerkte, daß innerhalb der Kodizes, auch wenn sie in der Wiedergabe des Stoffs einander mehr ähneln als G, wiederum zwei Fassungen zu unterscheiden sind, repräsentiert durch die beiden Handschriftengruppen MORNLFVW und BPS. Da nun der in Steinhöwels Ausgabe publizierte und von neuzeitlichen Autoren mehrfach rezipierte Text der VA – es handelt sich dabei um die lateinische Übersetzung des Rinuccio da Castiglione d'Arezzo – in griechischer Sprache in einem Kodex stand, der als Ahn von P gelten darf, ist es sehr verdienstlich, daß K. die eine der beiden Fassungen von rec. W, die so besonders wirkungsmächtig war – sie ist wahrscheinlich ins frühe 6. Jahrhundert zu datieren, und ihr sind außer B, P und S das Kodexblatt Th und die erst 1991 aufgetauchte Hs. A zuzuordnen –, als selbständigen Text der VA herausgegeben und zugleich sowohl literaturgeschichtlich als auch sprachwissenschaftlich analysiert hat. (shrink)

Vrcholným dílem celoživotní teoretické činnosti Karla Engliše měla být Velká logika, která se zachovala v podobě obsáhlého rukopisu (cca 2500 stran) a dosud nebyla publikována. Prvním průběžným výsledkem snahy o publikaci rukopisu je zveřejnění studie "Kritika Schopenhauera". Autoři textu předkládají přepis části rukopisu opatřený poznámkami ke zpřístupnění jeho obsahu. Schopenhauerova filosofie poznání tvoří jednu ze stěžejních inspirací pro Englišovu teorii myšlenkových řádů. Englišova kritika Schopenhauera tak poskytuje vodítko k hlubšímu porozumění vztahu Englišovy teorie a transcendentální filosofie.

Myšlení Karla Marxe se stalo základem dialekticko-historicko materialistické filosofie a tak zvaného vědeckého komunismu. Marxův filosofický vývoj byl však složitý a před dialekticko-historicko materialistickou a komunistickou fází Marx prošel fází kritického idealismu a byl jedním z mladohegelovských filosofů hlásících se k určitému způsobu interpretace německého filosofa Hegela, kterou byly ospravedlňovány požadavky na radikální společenské změny. Ve stati je ukázáno, že mezi mladší, kriticko-idealistickou, a starší, dialekticko-historicko materialistickou fází je hlubší vztah než temporálně-kauzální či logický, a tento vztah je nazván (...) implicitní přítomností kriticko-idealistické fáze ve fázi dialekticko-historicko materialistické. V důsledku Marxova a Engelsova zásahu do vývoje komunistického hnutí, ve kterém získali vedoucí ideologickou pozici, se radikálně změnila obhajoba komunismu a na základě Marxova a Engelsova příspěvku vzniká tak zvaný vědecký komunismus a socialismus, který se snaží co nejméně argumentovat morálními důvody, ale budoucí vznik komunismu ospravedlňuje jako nutnost dějin, která vyplývá z vědeckého poznání. Tato transformace komunistického ideálu měla zásadní důsledky pro komunistické hnutí a budoucí vznik socialistických systémů, které se ideologicky dovolávaly Marxova učení. (shrink)

Cílem této studie je představení základních tezí sociálně-politické filosofie Karla Raimunda Poppera (jak je zachycena zejména v dílech Bída historicismu a Otevřená společnost a její nepřátelé) a dále kritické zhodnocení aplikace těchto tezí při výkladu Platónovy filosofie. Je probíráno zejména Popperovo obvinění Platóna z tzv. „biologického historicismu“, dále jeho označení platónské teorie spravedlnosti jako „totalitní“ a v neposlední řadě jeho interpretace dialogu Ústava jakožto Platónova „politického programu“ určeného k přímé implementaci v praxi vyvoleným filosofem-králem. V druhé polovině této studie (...) je pak nabídnuto alternativní čtení, v němž se Platónova Ústava vyjeví ve zcela odlišném světle, než v jakém ji vidí Popper. (shrink)

De Marco et al 1 argue that the standard account of medical ‘invasiveness’ (as ‘incision’ or ‘insertion’) fails to capture three aspects of its existing use, namely that invasiveness can come in degrees, often depends on features of alternative medical interventions and can be non-physical. They propose a new schematic account that suggests that medical interventions can possess ‘basic invasiveness’ (which can come in degrees and of which they suggest at least two types: physical and mental), and ‘threshold invasiveness’ which (...) can depend on the alternatives a specific intervention is being compared with. While we agree that the standard account of invasiveness fails to capture existing use and are supportive of their aim, here we express scepticism about the practical utility of De Marco et al ’s revised account. Our scepticism concerns the application of De Marco et al’s revised account in the narrow context of clinician–patient communication and deliberation about medical interventions within clinical practice, which we see as a crucial context for its use. While De Marco et al do not specify the contexts in which their revised account could be used, we assume from their discussion of treatment interventions (e.g. non-invasive prenatal testing, ventilation) and their comparison to ‘more or less invasive’ options, that at least one of the purposes in mind for …. (shrink)

Článek pojednává o filosofickém pozadí, charakteristických rysech a aktuálních podnětech etiky techniky židovského filosofa Hanse Jonase (1903-1993). Cílem autora je pokusit se téma představit a kriticky reflektovat v širším kontextu relevantních německých zdrojů. V první kapitole jsou představena filosofická východiska jonasovské etiky techniky, především epistemologicko-ontologický a antropologický předpoklad moderní techniky, jonasovská interpretace geneze moderní techniky a jejího vztahu k moderní koncepci vědy. Ve druhé kapitole najdeme jonasovskou analýzu technické praxe v podobě jejích pěti specifických vlastností: ambivalence účinků, nutnost použití, globální (...) rozsah a dosah v prostoru a čase, prolomení antropocentrismu a vzbuzování metafyzických otázek. Na začátku třetí kapitoly autor velmi stručně srovnává jonasovský přístup s přístupem španělského filosofa Ortegy y Gasseta, a také s přístupem Günthera Anderse, Martina Heidegerra a Karla Jasperse, tak, aby vynikly charakteristické rysy přístupu jonasovského. Dále autor některé vybrané charakteristické rysy kriticky reflektuje a zabývá se i otázkou aplikace principu předběžné opatrnosti. Třetí kapitolu uzavírá výčet možných aktuálních podnětů jonasovské etiky techniky a formulace etických maxim, které autor navrhuje, vycházeje přitom z pěti uvedených vlastností techniky, přidávaje šestou: utopické tendence. Závěr práce shrnuje dosažené poznatky a prohlubuje autorovu reflexi ze třetí kapitoly. Článek představuje sondu do tématu, které nebylo v českém myšlenkovém prostředí dosud podrobněji zpracováno. (shrink)

The popularity of direct-to-consumer genetic ancestry services has exploded over the past five years, with as many as 250 direct-to-consumer genetic ancestry testing companies currently operating and estimates that 1 in 5 Americans are customers of one or more of those companies. Marketing of genetic ancestry testing has consistently linked the results of DNA testing to a consumer’s racial and ethnic identity, and, because of that, can help consumers find out “who they really are.” We argue that the “biologization” of (...) race and ethnicity promoted in such marketing violates norms of marketing ethics. In particular, we show that this marketing technique violates a number of the core commitments and values of the American Marketing Association Statement of Ethics. (shrink)

Dne 31. července 2013 poskytl dr. Josef Zumr rozhovor, zaměřující se na jeho dlouholetého přítele a spolupracovníka Karla Kosíka. Doktor Zumr zde představuje dobu 60. let, vzpomíná na to, jak se s Karlem Kosíkem potkal, co prožili. Popisuje Kosíkovo mládí, důvody, proč se rozhodl studovat filosofii. Líčí politickou situaci v Československu a různé nástroje a způsoby politické perzekuce, která postihla většinu pracovníků FÚ ČSAV (a nejen jich), a popisuje, jakým způsobem se s touto situací vyrovnával on sám i Karel (...) Kosík. Dále se vyjadřuje k ohlasům na Dialektiku konkrétního i na jiné Kosíkovy stěžejní texty, které vzbudily pozornost společnosti.On 31st July 2013, dr. Josef Zumr gave an interview concerning his long-time friend and co-worker Karel Kosík. Dr. Zumr acquaints reader with the 60’s and recalls how he first met Karel Kosík and what they have experienced. He describes Kosík’s youth and reasons that have led Kosík to the decision to study philosophy. Political situation in former Czechoslovakia is described as well as different instruments of political persecution that affected many employees of the Department of Philosophy of Czechoslovak Academy of Science and many others. Dr. Zumr also recounts how he himself and Karel Kosík dealt with persecution. He also comments on different receptions that The Dialectics of the Concrete and other Kosík’s works have elicited. (shrink)

Cílem tohoto textu je vyložit teorii poznání u prvorepublikového národohospodáře Jana Loevensteina. Hlavním zájmem Loevensteinova studia noetiky bylo odstranění rozporů v originálním přístupu k ekonomické metodologii u Karla Engliše. Předkládaná noetická koncepce je proto nezáměrným důsledkem kritiky některých aspektů Schopenhaurovy filosofie a Englišovy teleologie. Nejvýraznějším přínosem pro teleologii a metodologický apriorismus je objektivní platnost soudů při využití Loevensteinových noetických základů.

Tereza Matějčková se ve své knize vztahuje k literárním obrazům světa: komentuje Hegelovy filozofické výklady literárních děl (Sofokles, Diderot, Goethe, Schiller) nebo interpretuje literární díla autorů 20. století (Semprún, Jünger, Marguerite Yourcenar). Její komentáře a interpretace se dotýkají problémů a témat, které podstatně spoluvytvářely esteticko-uměleckou a kulturně-politickou mentalitu umělecké avantgardy 20. století (zejména surrealismu) a moderny. Ve svém článku se věnuji třem tématům: 1) Metafoře Theatrum mundi, kterou si Tereza Matějčková zvolila jako název 8. kapitoly své knihy; 2) problému zla, (...) násilí a „abstraktní existence“ v moderně a zejména v surrealismu; 3) konceptu „nových mytologií“ a „lyrizace světa“ v estetických esejích Karla Teigeho. (shrink)

An adolescent’s last moment of life is an emotionally and medically complex time. Children may grapple with understanding the things happening to them and with grief of a future lost; caregivers struggle to simultaneously balance deep sorrow, hope, and love; and healthcare providers fight to maintain sound medical and ethical decision making. Increased discussion regarding adolescent end-of-life care is needed so that clinicians may better understand how to engage in ethically based medical management during these events. This holds particularly true (...) in situations where potentially conflicting ideas exist between clinicians and family members. We describe the case of an acutely and terminally ill adolescent who remained cognitively intact but with rapidly advancing multiple organ failure and whose parents requested that he remain uninformed of his critical illness and prognosis. (shrink)

Philosophy of religion has been the object of penetrating critiques concerning its continued near-complete blindness to all but a single religion. The need for philosophy of religion to open up so as to include more than merely occasional and tokenistic treatments of ‘Other’ religions is clearly evident from the slew of recently published titles concerned with diversifying the field. In this light, a book such as Victoria Harrison’s Eastern Philosophy of Religion should surely come as a welcome addition. And yet, (...) unfortunately, this book turns out to be a case study in how not to diversify philosophy of religion in the twenty-first century. (shrink)

Suppose COVID-19 is the runaway tram in the famous moral thought experiment, known as the “Bystander at the Switch.” Consider the two differentiated responses of governments around the world to this new threat, namely the option of quarantine/lockdown and herd immunity. Can we contrast the hypothetical with the real scenario? What do the institutional decisions and strategies for dealing with the virus, in the beginning of 2020, signify in a normative moral framework? This paper investigates these possibilities in order to (...) highlight the similarities and, more importantly, the differences that exist between utilitarianism and Kantian ethics. Analysis shows that the hypothetical scenario can never be fully compared to the complex multifactorial nature of the real world. But if a comparison is attempted, the most obvious difference between the two governmental strategies is the concept of duty within the Kantian perspective. Ultimately, it is a matter of comparing freedom and life. Attributing a moral “priority ticket” to one or the other can be analysed through interpersonal aggregation. (shrink)

This article argues that the literary contexts of Horace's Odes 3.13, especially archaic Greek poetry, have been relatively neglected by scholars, who have focussed on identifying the location of the fons Bandusiae and on understanding the significance of the sustained description of the kid sacrifice. This study presents a more holistic interpretation of the ode by exploring Horace's interactions with previously unnoticed (Alcaeus, frr. 45 and 347) and underappreciated (Hes. Op. 582–96) archaic Greek poetic intertexts, which also offer a fresh (...) perspective on earlier debates. Horace's use of Alcaeus’ fr. 45, a key intertext, firmly places the fons Bandusiae within the literary landscape of Horace's Sabine estate, and offers a structural and argumentative model for Odes 3.13; further, Alcaean and Hesiodic allusions also suggest that the kid is sacrificed as a surrogate for Horace for keeping him safe. These conclusions are used to offer a new interpretation of the ode on metapoetic, political and philosophical levels, and to explore how these different aspects of the ode interact with Horace's other odes. (shrink)

On the basis of the archival materials, first identified by the authors, and the published historical sources that have not yet come to the attention of historians of science, this article reconstructs the biography of Johann Christian Weltzien (1767–1829), doctor of medicine and surgery. In 1785, Weltzien became a court physician. In 1799, in the retinue of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, he participated in Italian and Swiss military campaigns. After that, Weltzien was assigned to the Сourt of Grand Duke Konstantin (...) Pavlovich of Russia and stayed at his court until 1810. He started his charitable activities in the Medico-Philanthropic Committee. From May 1810 to the middle of 1825, Weltzien was a physician at the Imperial Page Corps. It turned out that around the same time, in 1804–1825, he was a member of the Medical Council. Furthermore, as there were two medical councils under two ministries at the time, in 1811–1822, he was a member of both. Since 1825, Weltzien lived on his estate in Somel, now Vaiatu Manor in Estonia, and died in St. Petersburg. Weltzien’s work as a provincial physician prompted him to write a book on medical police, which was published in 1785. It has been established that this remained his only book on the topic. The article shows that Weltzien became one of the first ideologists of state care for public health in the Russian Empire. Weltzien’s ideas, expressed over 200 years ago, regarding the state having mechanisms to impact public health and the importance of not excluding it from solving health problems have not lost their significance even today. (shrink)

In this paper, I explore the phenomenon of a felt sense of the concrete other. Although the importance of this phenomenon is recognised in the contemporary discussion on intercorporeality, it has not been subjected to systematic phenomenological analysis. I argue that the felt sense of the other is an aspect of intercorporeal body memory in so far as it is a habituation to something like the concrete other’s expressive style. Because it is inherently a sensory phenomenon, I speak of an (...) embodied sensorium of the other. I illustrate the phenomenon through contrasting case-vignettes taken from research in early parental bereavement. Based on this, I identify five modalities that outline the fundamental contours of a sensorium and specify that in their intermodal and synesthetic concretion they account for the felt sense of the other. Finally, I argue that the existential importance of the phenomenon is rooted in the distributed nature of my sense of self and self-familiarity. To illustrate this, I draw parallels between the felt sense of the concrete other and the felt sense of home and suggest that though there are also distinct differences between the two phenomena, they are rooted in the same underlying existential need for feeling-at-home in the world. (shrink)

William James is known as a nineteenth-century philosopher, psychologist, and psychical researcher. Less well-known are the medical fixations that united his multiple identities and drove his ambition to change the way American society conceived of itself in body, mind, and soul. William James, M.D. offers an account of the development and cultural significance of James's ideas and works, and establishes, for the first time, the relevance of medical themes to his major lines of thought. James lived at a time when (...) old assumptions about faith and the moral and religious possibilities for human worth and redemption were increasingly displaced by a concern with the medically "normal" and the perfectibility of the body. Woven into treatises warning of the degeneration of humanity, these ideas comprised the origins of the eugenics movement and were manifest in a growing social stigma attached to illness and invalidism, a disturbing intellectual current in which James felt personally implicated. Most chronicles of James's life have portrayed a distressed young man, a psychological or spiritual crisis, followed by the emergence of a mature thinker who threw off his pallor of mental sickness for good. In contrast, Emma Sutton draws on his personal correspondence, unpublished notebooks, and diaries to show that James considered himself a genuine invalid to the end of his days. Sutton makes the compelling case that his philosophizing was not an abstract occupation but an impassioned response to his own life experiences and challenges. To ignore the medical James is to misread James altogether. Sales points: First book to map William James's preoccupation with medical ideas, concerns, and values across the disciplinary breadth of his work Reveals how themes of invalidism, health, and healing underpinned the genesis of many of James's major philosophical, psychological, and political ideas Draws on the approximately 9,400 items of Jamesian correspondence, together with his private notes and reading lists. (shrink)

This is a reply piece to a series of book symposium contributions to my book, Resisting Scientific Realism. The contributions were by Steven French, Peter Vickers, Stathis Psillos, and Kyle Stanford.

Tato studie se zabývá dvěma spřízněnými jevy odehrávajícími se ve vědeckém prostředí. Jedná se o fenomén frustrace ve vědecké praxi a s ním spojenou touhu po rozpoznání vlastního výzkumu vědeckou komunitou a následně o otázku uznání od akademického společenství. Zmíněné fenomény jsou přitom úzce propojeny s ústředním tématem filosofie a sociologie vědy: kdo rozhoduje, co bude předmětem vědeckého bádání? Předkládaná studie nejprve představuje Mertonův mýtus o okamžitém rozpoznání vědeckého objevu a následně prostřednictvím exkurzu do oblasti ekonomie a na příkladech z (...) vědecké praxe poukazuje na jeho neplatnost. V závěru textu jsou společně s jejich dekonstrukcí navrhnuta možná řešení popsaných problémů. Text je také kritickým návratem ke dvěma studiím Josepha Agassiho, žáka Karla R. Poppera a tvrdošíjného zastánce kritického racionalismu, neboť právě Agassi ve svých dílech rozebírá dopady vědeckého vyloučení a neochoty naslouchat. (shrink)